Identité Juive .com

(19% du total mondial)

Liste des bénéficiaires du prix Nobel en chimie qui ont été, ou qui sont juifs (ou de demi-ascendance juive, voir note). Les pourcentages indiqués ci-dessus correspondent aux noms qui apparaissent explicitement sur la liste ci-dessous.

• Adolph von Baeyer ^#,1 (1905)
• Henri Moissan ^#,2 (1906)
• Otto Wallach ^# (1910)
• Richard Willstätter ^# (1915)
• Fritz Haber ^# (1918)
• George de Hevesy ^# (1943)
• Melvin Calvin ^# (1961)
• Max Perutz ^# (1962)
• Christian Anfinsen ³ (1972)
• William Stein ^# (1972)
• Ilya Prigogine ⁴ (1977)
• Herbert Brown ^# (1979)
• Paul Berg ^# (1980)
• Walter Gilbert ^# (1980)
• Roald Hoffmann ^# (1981)
• Aaron Klug ^# (1982)
• Herbert Hauptman ⁵ (1985)
• Jerome Karle ⁶ (1985)
• John Polanyi ⁷ (1986)
• Sidney Altman ^# (1989)
• Rudolph Marcus ^# (1992)
• George Olah ⁸ (1994)
• Harold Kroto ⁹ (1996)
• Walter Kohn ¹⁰ (1998)
• Alan Heeger ¹¹ (2000)
• Aaron Ciechanover ¹² (2004)
• Avram Hershko ¹³ (2004)
• Irwin Rose ¹⁴ (2004)
• Roger Kornberg ¹⁵ (2006)
• Autre ¹⁶

NOTES (En anglais)
# Encyclopaedia Judaica (1997 CD ROM edition).
1. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father.
2. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father.
3. Convert to Judaism. See http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KK/Views/Exhibit/narrative/biographical.html.

4. The Special Volume in Memory of Ilya Prigogine: Advances in Chemical Physics, Volume 135, edited by Stuart A. Rice (Wiley, New York, 2007, pp. 1-6) contains an introductory article entitled "Ilya Prigogine: His Life, His Work," by the late Radu Balescu, one of Prigogine’s oldest associates.  Balescu describes Prigogine as a "Russian Jewish immigrant arriving in Brussels at the age of 12…"  According to Balescu, Prigogine survived the Nazi occupation thanks to false papers provided to him by the local White Russian community.  For other references, see: 1) the December 1980 issue of Quest, p. 86, in which Mary Lukas describes the Prigogine family’s emigration from revolutionary Russia to Berlin, and finally to Brussels, where Prigogine found himself "an oddity, a little Jewish boy from somewhere in the East"; 2) The Who’s Who of Nobel Prize Winners 1901-1995, 3rd Ed.  by Bernard S. and June H. Schlessinger (Oryx Press, Phoenix, AZ, 1996, p. 33); 3)  http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_p.htm; and 4) http://www.amyisrael.co.il/europe/belgium/#Jews in Belgium.

5. See The Who’s Who of Nobel Prize Winners 1901-1995, 3rd Ed., edited  by Bernard S. and June H. Schlessinger (Oryx Press, Phoenix, AZ,1996, p. 37).  See also the interview with Hauptman  in Candid Science III: More Conversations with Famous Chemists, by Istvan Hargittai (Imperial College Press, London, 2003, p. 303). 
6. See The Who’s Who of Nobel Prize Winners 1901-1995, 3rd Ed., edited  by Bernard S. and June H. Schlessinger (Oryx Press, Phoenix, AZ,1996, p. 37). See also the interview with Karle in Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists, by Istvan Hargittai and Magdolna Hargittai (Imperial College Press, London, 2006, p. 426). 
7. Son of the Hungarian Jewish physical chemist and philosopher Michael Polanyi.  See also Ismerjük”oket?: zsidó származású nevezetes magyarok arcképcsarnoka, by István Reményi Gyenes (Ex Libris, Budapest, 1997).

8. George Olah’s autobiographical memoirs, A Life of Magic Chemistry  (Wiley Interscience, NY, 2001, p. 45), briefly  describes the last months of World War II in Hungary.  (It was during this period that the Nazis attempted to deport the Jewish population of Budapest.)  He states "I do not want to relive here in any detail some of my very difficult, even horrifying, experiences of this period, hiding out the last months of the war in Budapest.  Suffice it to say that my parents and I survived."  That statement is the closest he comes to identifying himself as being Jewish.  Nearly everything in the book is consistent with an upper middle class Hungarian Jewish background, with the exception of his attendance at the Gymnasium of the Piarist Fathers, a Roman Catholic teaching order.  (Although many of the parochial schools in Budapest had significant Jewish enrollments.)  Further information has materialized as a result of the publication of an op-ed piece in the New York Times on the Holocaust in Hungary, written by Kati Marton ("A Town’s Hidden Memory," 21 July 2002).  This article resulted in a considerable amount of controversy and letters to the editor.  One such letter was by J. L. Jankovich of San Jose, CA, which was sent to the Times, but apparently not published.  (It could previously be found at: http://hungaria.org/lists/lobby/admin/article.php?articleid=136.)  Concerning the German military occupation that began in the spring of 1944, the letter stated: "Yet for months thereafter our Jewish classmates could still attend our Catholic high school and, after the interruptions of the 1944-45 winter, graduated there.  (One of them, Mr. George Olah, now an American citizen, just received the Nobel Prize a few years ago and went back to visit his old school with pride.)"  See also Our Lives: Encounters of a Scientist, by  István Hargittai (Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 2004, p. 77).

9. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother; see http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1996/kroto-autobio.html.
10. See http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1998/kohn-autobio.html.
11. See  http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/2000/heeger-autobio.html.
12. See http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/2004/ciechanover-autobio.html.
13. See http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/2004/hershko-autobio.html.
14. See http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/2004/rose-autobio.html.
15. Son of 1959 Nobel Prize winner in medicine Arthur Kornberg and his wife Sylvy Ruth (née Levy).  See, e.g., interview with Arthur Kornberg in Candid Science II: Conversations with Famous Biomedical Scientists, by István Hargittai (Imperial College Press, London, 2002, pp. 50-71).  See also:
http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?c=JPArticle&cid=1159193371617&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull.
16. Gerhard Herzberg (1971) appears on some lists of  Jewish Nobel Prize winners.  In interviews, however, he has maintained that his emigration from Nazi Germany was the result of his wife (née Luise Oettinger) being Jewish, not of his being Jewish.  Neither Dudley Herschbach (1986) nor Robert Huber (1988), whose names also appear on some lists, is Jewish. 

 (13% du total mondial)

Liste des bénéficiaires du prix Nobel de littérature qui ont été, ou qui sont juifs (ou de demi-ascendance juive, voir note). Les pourcentages indiqués ci-dessus correspondent aux noms qui apparaissent explicitement sur la liste ci-dessous.

• Paul von Heyse ^#,1 (1910)
• Henri Bergson^# (1927)
• Boris Pasternak^# (1958)
• Shmuel Agnon^# (1966)
• Nelly Sachs^# (1966)
• Saul Bellow^# (1976)
• Isaac Bashevis Singer^# (1978)
• Elias Canetti^# (1981)
• Joseph Brodsky^# (1987)
• Nadine Gordimer^# (1991)
• Imre Kertész ² (2002)
• Elfriede Jelinek ³ (2004)
• Harold Pinter ⁴ (2005)

NOTES
# Encyclopaedia Judaica (1997 CD ROM edition).
1. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father; see http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1910/heyse-autobio.html.
2. See http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2002/kertesz-bio.html.
3. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother.  In a 1998 interview, Jelinek stated "Mein Vater war auch Jude"; see
http://www.hagalil.com/archiv/98/12/jellinek.htm andhttp://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2004/bio-bibl.html.
4. See http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2005/bio-bibl.html. In Conversations with Pinter, by Mel Gussow (Grove, New York, 1996, p.103), Pinter describes his mother and father as "very solid, very respectable, Jewish, lower middle class people."

Liste des bénéficiaires du prix Nobel de la paix qui ont été, ou qui sont juifs (ou de demi-ascendance juive, voir note). Les pourcentages indiqués ci-dessus sont basées sur les attributions consenties à des individus seulement, c’est-à-dire que le mode de calcul statistique exclus les prix décernés à des organisations. Parmi les organisations qui ont reçu un prix Nobel de la paix , 25% de celles-ci ont été fondées ou co-fondée par des Juifs. Pour plus d’information, voir la note en bas de page [1] (en anglais).

• Paul von Heyse ^#,1 (1910)
• Henri Bergson^# (1927)
• Boris Pasternak^# (1958)
• Shmuel Agnon^# (1966)
• Nelly Sachs^# (1966)
• Saul Bellow^# (1976)
• Isaac Bashevis Singer^# (1978)
• Elias Canetti^# (1981)
• Joseph Brodsky^# (1987)
• Nadine Gordimer^# (1991)
• Imre Kertész ² (2002)
• Elfriede Jelinek ³ (2004)
• Harold Pinter ⁴ (2005)

NOTES
# Encyclopaedia Judaica (1997 CD ROM edition).
1. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father; see http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1910/heyse-autobio.html.
2. See http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2002/kertesz-bio.html.
3. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother.  In a 1998 interview, Jelinek stated "Mein Vater war auch Jude"; see
http://www.hagalil.com/archiv/98/12/jellinek.htm andhttp://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2004/bio-bibl.html.
4. See http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2005/bio-bibl.html. In Conversations with Pinter, by Mel Gussow (Grove, New York, 1996, p.103), Pinter describes his mother and father as "very solid, very respectable, Jewish, lower middle class people."

 (28% du total mondial)

Liste des bénéficiaires du prix Nobel de physique qui ont été, ou qui sont juifs (ou de demi-ascendance juive, voir note). Les pourcentages indiqués ci-dessus sont celles qui correspondent aux noms qui apparaissent explicitement sur la liste en dessous.

• Paul Ehrlich ^# (1908)
• Elie Metchnikoff ^#,1 (1908)
• Robert Bárány ^# (1914)
• Otto Meyerhof ^# (1922)
• Karl Landsteiner ^# (1930)
• Otto Warburg ^#,2 (1931)
• Otto Loewi ^# (1936)
• Joseph Erlanger ^# (1944)
• Herbert Gasser ^#,3 (1944)
• Sir Ernst Chain ^# (1945)
• Hermann Muller ^#,4 (1946)
• Gerty Cori ⁵ (1947)
• Tadeus Reichstein ^# (1950)
• Selman Waksman ^# (1952)
• Sir Hans Krebs ^# (1953)
• Fritz Lipmann ^# (1953)
• Joshua Lederberg ^# (1958)
• Arthur Kornberg ^# (1959)
• Konrad Bloch ^# (1964)
• Francois Jacob ^# (1965)
• André Lwoff ^# (1965)
• George Wald ^# (1967)
• Marshall Nirenberg ^# (1968)
• Salvador Luria ^# (1969)
• Julius Axelrod ^# (1970)
• Sir Bernard Katz ^# (1970)
• Gerald Edelman ^# (1972)
• David Baltimore ^# (1975)
• Howard Temin ^# (1975)
• Baruch Blumberg ^# (1976)
• Andrew Schally ⁶ (1977)
• Rosalyn Yalow ^# (1977)
• Daniel Nathans ^# (1978)
• Baruj Benacerraf ^# (1980)
• Sir John Vane ⁷ (1982)
• César Milstein ^# (1984)
• Michael Brown ^# (1985)
• Joseph Goldstein ^# (1985)
• Stanley Cohen ^# (1986)
• Rita Levi-Montalcini ^# (1986)
• Gertrude Elion ^# (1988)
• Harold Varmus ^# (1989)
• Edmond Fischer ⁸ (1992)
• Alfred Gilman ⁹ (1994)
• Martin Rodbell ¹⁰ (1994)
• Stanley Prusiner ¹¹ (1997)
• Robert Furchgott ¹² (1998)
• Paul Greengard ¹³ (2000)
• Eric Kandel ¹⁴ (2000)
• Sydney Brenner ¹⁵ (2002)
• H. Robert Horvitz ¹⁶ (2002)
• Richard Axel ¹⁷ (2004)
• Andrew Z. Fire ¹⁸ (2006)
• Others ¹⁹

NOTES
# Encyclopaedia Judaica (1997 CD ROM edition).
1. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father.
2. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother.
3. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother.
4. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father.
5. Gerty Cori appears on some Jewish lists, but not on others.  The most comprehensive biographical portrait of her is contained in Sharon McGrayne’s Nobel Prize Women in Science (Birch Lane, New York, NY, 1993).  McGrayne’s account is based on interviews with more than a dozen of Cori’s close friends and associates, with the details of her religious background obtained from interviews with Professor Viktor Hamburger and Ann Cori.  According to McGrayne, Cori was Jewish, but converted to Roman Catholicism prior to her marriage to Carl Cori in order to lessen the objections of his family, who felt that marriage to a Jewish woman would doom his prospects for an academic career in Europe.  This is in close agreement with the note on Gerty Cori published by Joseph Larner in Biographical Memoirs, Volume 61 (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1992, p. 112).  Further confirmation can be found in the interview with Arthur Kornberg (1959) that appears in Candid Science II by István Hargittai (Imperial College Press, London, 2002, p. 58).

6. See The Timetables of Jewish History by Judah Gribetz (Simon and Schuster, New York, NY, 1993, p.634 ); Jews and Medicine, by Frank Heynick (KTAV, Hoboken, NJ, 2002, p. 574); and http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1977/schally-autobio.html .
7. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother, according to an interview published in Candid Science II by István Hargittai (Imperial College Press, London, 2002, p. 562).
8. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother, according to a follow-up dipatch issued by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA)  several days after publication of its October 14, 1992 story on that year’s Nobel Prizes, written by Tom Tugend.  Fischer is a member of the Board of Governors of the Weizmann Institute.
9. See interview in Candid Science II, by István Hargittai (Imperial College Press, London, 2002, p. 245).
10. See http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1994/rodbell-autobio.html.
11. See http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1997/prusiner-autobio.html.

12. The Furchgotts were one of the most prominent Jewish families in Charleston, SC, where Robert was born.  See http://www.cofc.edu/~jhc/pages/fwfchas.html.  See also the interview published in Candid Science II by István Hargittai (Imperial College Press, London, 2002, pp. 588-589).

13. Although born to Jewish parents, Greengard’s mother died in childbirth and he was  raised as a Christian by a non-Jewish stepmother; see http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/2000/greengard-autobio.html and interview in Candid Science V: Conversations with Famous Scientists, by Balazs Hargittai and István Hargittai (Imperial College Press, London, 2005, pp. 650-653).
14. See http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/2000/kandel-autobio.html.
15. See http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-autobio.html.
16. See http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-autobio.html.
17. See Encyclopaedia Judaica, Second Edition (Thomson Gale, Detroit, 2007, Vol. 2, pp. 755-756).

18. Son of Dr. Philip and Janet (née Sherak) Fire [see entry for Philip Fire in American Men & Women of Science: 22nd Edition  (Thomson Gale, Detroit, 2005, Volume 2, C-F, p. 1154)].  Philip Fire is a past president (1951) of the MIT chapter of the national  Jewish fraternity Alpha Epsilon Pi; see http://web.mit.edu/aepi/www/history5.shtml and
http://web.mit.edu/aepi/www/life.shtml.  Janet Fire is the daughter of the late Rose (née Goldstein) Sherak.  See also:
http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/index.php?p=5831.

19. Willem Einthoven (1926), whose name appears on several Jewish lists, had a Jewish paternal grandfather, but based on the biography by H. Snellen (Willem Einthoven, Kluwer, Boston, MA, 1995), it appears unlikely that any of his other grandparents were Jewish.  Karl von Frisch (1973) appears to have had a Jewish maternal grandmother: see, e.g., p. 88 of http://www.speciesoforigin.org/FCKeditor/File/Najafi_The_Language_of_the_Bees.pdf.  Other names that have appeared on such lists include those of Erwin Neher (1991), Bert Sakmann (1991), Richard Roberts (1993), Phillip Sharp (1993), and Edward Lewis (1995), none of whom appear to be of Jewish descent.

Liste des bénéficiaires du prix Nobel de physique qui ont été, ou qui sont juifs (ou de demi-ascendance juive, voir note). Les pourcentages indiqués ci-dessus sont celles qui correspondent aux noms qui apparaissent explicitement sur la liste en dessous.

• Albert Michelson ^#,1 (1907)
• Gabriel Lippmann ^# (1908)
• Albert Einstein ^# (1921)
• Niels Bohr ^#,2 (1922)
• James Franck ^# (1925)
• Otto Stern ^# (1943)
• Isidor Rabi ^# (1944)
• Wolfgang Pauli ³ (1945)
• Felix Bloch ^# (1952)
• Max Born ^# (1954)
• Igor Tamm ^#,4 (1958)
• Ilya Frank ⁴ (1958)
• Emilio Segrè ^# (1959)
• Donald Glaser ^# (1960)
• Robert Hofstadter ^# (1961)
• Lev Landau ^# (1962)
• Eugene Wigner ⁵ (1963)
• Richard Feynman ^# (1965)
• Julian Schwinger ^# (1965)
• Hans Bethe ^#,6 (1967)
• Murray Gell-Mann ^# (1969)
• Dennis Gabor ^# (1971)
• Leon Cooper ⁷ (1972)
• Brian Josephson ^# (1973)
• Ben Mottelson ^# (1975)
• Burton Richter ^# (1976)
• Arno Penzias ^# (1978)
• Sheldon Glashow ^# (1979)
• Steven Weinberg ^# (1979)
• Arthur Schawlow ⁸ (1981)
• K. Alexander Müller ⁹ (1987)
• Leon Lederman ^# (1988)
• Melvin Schwartz ^# (1988)
• Jack Steinberger ^# (1988)
• Jerome Friedman ^# (1990)
• Georges Charpak ^#,10 (1992)
• Martin Perl ^#,11 (1995)
• Frederick Reines ^#,12 (1995)
• David Lee ¹³ (1996)
• Douglas Osheroff ¹⁴ (1996)
• Claude Cohen-Tannoudji ¹⁵ (1997)
• Zhores Alferov ¹⁶ (2000)
• Vitaly Ginzburg ¹⁷  (2003)
• Alexei Abrikosov ¹⁸  (2003)
• David Gross ¹⁹ (2004)
• H. David Politzer ¹⁹ (2004)
• Roy Glauber ²⁰ (2005)
• Others ²¹

NOTES
# Encyclopaedia Judaica (1997 CD ROM edition).
1. The claim found elsewhere on the Internet that the mother of Albert Abraham Michelson was not Jewish is untrue.  The biographical profile of Michelson written by the Nobel Prize winner Robert A. Millikan in the Biographical Memoirs of the US National Academy of Sciences (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1938, Vol. XIX) quotes (on p. 128) Michelson’s sister, the novelist Miriam Michelson, as having written of her parents in a letter to Millikan that "both Albert Michelson’s father and mother were born of Jewish parents…"  The contrary claim seems to have originated in a book titled The Master of Light: A Biography of Albert A. Michelson, by Dorothy Michelson Livingston (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1973).  Dorothy Livingston was a daughter born to Michelson’s second (non-Jewish) wife when he was already past fifty.  Although Livingston admits that she knows almost nothing directly of Michelson’s life prior to his second marriage, she states (on p. 12) that "Albert’s mother was born Rosalie Przylubska, the second of three daughters of Abraham Przylubski, a Polish businessman from Inowroclaw near Strzelno.  The family name and a picture of her mother suggest that she came from typical Polish peasant stock.  Her older sister Auguste married a doctor and perhaps it was at their wedding that Rosalie first met Samuel Michelson, a young merchant of Jewish descent…"  Note that Livingston does not say "according to my father…" or "according to relatives…," rather she just speculates that the name "Przylubski" is non-Jewish.  But the name "Przylubski" is, in fact, found amongst Jews; see, e.g.,http://www.avotaynu.com/books/MenkNames.htm.  Indeed, Lars Menk’s A Dictionary of German-Jewish Surnames  (Avotaynu, Bergenfield, NJ, 2005) gives (on p. 601) "Inowrazlaw" in East Prussia as a location where, according to the civil records, the name was found amongst Jews.

2. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father.

3. Pauli described himself as being three-quarters Jewish in a letter to the director of the Institute for Advanced Study, Frank Aydelotte, quoted in the April 1995 issue of Physics Today (p. 86). See also http://www.ethbib.ethz.ch/exhibit/pauli/ausreise_e.html.  According to the family-authorized biography of Pauli by Charles Enz, No Time to be Brief: A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli (Oxford, Oxford and New York, 2002, pp. 1-7), three of Pauli’s four grandparents (all but his maternal grandmother) were Jewish.  Specifically, Pauli’s father, Wolfgang Pauli, Sr. (originally Wolf Pascheles, whose parents came from the prominent Jewish Pascheles and Utitz families of Prague), converted from Judaism to Roman Catholicism shortly before his marriage in 1899 to Bertha Camilla Schütz.  Bertha Schütz was raised in her mother’s Roman Catholic religion, but her father was the Jewish writer Friedrich Schütz (whose biography can be found on p. 469 of Vol. 5 of S. Wininger’s Grosse Jüdische National-Biographie).  Although Pauli was raised as a Roman Catholic, eventually he (and his parents) left the Church.

4. For both Tamm and Frank, see The Encyclopedia of Russian Jewry, Biographies A-I, edited by Herman Branover, Jason Aronson, Northvale, NJ, 1998, pp. 351-352. Frank was half-Jewish on his father’s side.  On Tamm’s Jewish background, the extent of which is unclear, see also the article by Mark Kuchment in the June 1988 issue of Physics Today, p. 82.
5. According to the account given in Wigner’s memoirs, both of his parents were Jews, although the family converted to Lutheranism when he was a teenager (See The Recollections of Eugene Wigner, Plenum, New York, NY, 1992).
6. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father.
7. See The Who’s Who of Nobel Prize Winners 1901-1995, 3rd Ed.  by Bernard S. and June H. Schlessinger, Oryx Press, Phoenix, AZ,1996, p. 209.
8. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother. See section entitled "Background and Education, Toronto" in 1996 interview with Suzanne B. Riess.
9. Jewish mother (née Feigenbaum).  Information based on statements made by Prof. Müller during a 2006 visit to Israel to receive an honorary doctorate from Bar-Ilan University.
10. See the January 1993 issue of Physics Today  (p. 20), where Charpak describes his capture by the Nazis while serving in the French Resistance as follows: "Luckily I was only regarded as a Pole and a terrorist. They didn’t know that I was a Jew."
11. See http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1995/perl-autobio.html.
12. See http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1995/reines-autobio.html.
13. See http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1996/lee-autobio.html.
14. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother. See http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1996/osheroff-autobio.html.
15. See http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1997/cohen-tannoudji-autobio.html.

16. See The Encyclopedia of Russian Jewry, Biographies A-I, edited by Herman Branover (Jason Aronson, Northvale, NJ, 1998, p. 37).   NB: This reference includes biographies of individuals who are both of  Jewish and of half-Jewish parentage, but does not generally specify which is, in fact, the case.  Based on name analysis alone, Alferov’s father, Ivan Karpovich Alferov, was most likely not Jewish; his mother’s maiden name was Anna Rosenblum. See also biography in LENTA.RU, the second sentence of which translates as "His parents -  Ivan Karpovich and Anna Vladimirovna – a Belorussian and a Jew(ess), themselves came from the small town of Chashniki in Vitebsk Oblast."

17. See, e.g., Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol. 7 (Keter, Jerusalem, 1972, p. 587) and Section 7 of http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2003/ginzburg-autobio.html.

18. Jewish mother (née Fanya Davidovna Vulf), non-Jewish father; see The Encyclopedia of Russian Jewry, Biographies A-I, edited by Herman Branover (Jason Aronson, Northvale, NJ, 1998, p. 10) and interview in Candid Science V: Conversations with Famous Scientists, by Balazs Hargittai and István Hargittai (Imperial College Press, London, 2005, p. 185).
19. See 11 October 2004 Jerusalem Post Online Edition story by Tom Tugend: "Tugend article on 2004 Nobels."
20. See Encyclopaedia Judaica, Second Edition (Thomson Gale, Detroit, 2007, Vol. 7, p. 635).

21. Gustav Hertz (1925) and Maria Goeppert Mayer (1963) were, and Aage Bohr (1975) and Frank Wilczek (2004) are each one-quarter Jewish by descent. [For a reference on the Jewish ancestry of Maria Goeppert Mayer, see Memoirs: A Twentieth-Century Journey in Science and Politics by Edward Teller (Perseus Publishing, Cambridge, MA, 2001, p. 119).  On Frank Wilczek, whose paternal grandfather was Jewish, see the interview with him in Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists, by István Hargittai and Magdolna Hargittai (Imperial College Press, London, 2006, p. 865).]   

We had previously listed Pyotr Kapitsa (1978), based on numerous accounts of his having had a Jewish mother; see. e.g., Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol. 10 (Keter, Jerusalem, 1972, p. 747).  However, the fact that he is not listed in the Russian Jewish Encyclopedia, for which his son Sergei is a consultant (see http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_k.htm), together with questions raised by several highly informed members of the Russian-Jewish émigré community, have led us to remove his name.  The misidentification appears to have arisen from Kapitsa’s extensive involvement with the so-called Jewish Antifascist Committee.  Contained below is a summary of the evidence we had previously cited in that connection:

Kapitsa was one of the speakers at the "Rally of the Representatives of the Jewish People" which Stalin ordered to be held in Moscow on August 24, 1941.  Kapitsa  and the  others in attendance signed an appeal directed to their "brother Jews throughout the world"; see Stalin Against the Jews, by Arkady Vaksberg (Knopf, New York, 1994, pp. 107-108).  Yehoshua Gilboa, writing in The Black Years of Soviet Jewry  (Little, Brown, Boston and Toronto, 1971, pp. 79, 362), states that the appeal was addressed to "our Jewish brothers the world over" and "was signed by persons who had not only never associated themselves with things Jewish, but whose Jewish or semi-Jewish origin had hitherto been a secret.  The JAC’s image was greatly enhanced by such names as Professor P. Kapitza,…"  Gilboa quotes Solomon Mikhoels, the head of the Jewish Antifascist Committee (JAC), as stating in a speech on the occasion of Kapitsa’s fiftieth birthday that "I have gone to great pains to spread the fact of your being a Jew…"  In Stalin’s War Against the Jews (Free Press, New York, 1990, pp. 176-181), Louis Rapoport  describes the denouement of the "Doctor’s Plot," which was designed to be the pretext for the deportation of most of Soviet Jewry to slave labor camps in Siberia, Kazakhstan, and Birobidzhan.  Show trials of the accused doctors were to be followed by "spontaneous" rioting against the Jews throughout the Soviet Union, which was to be followed in turn by publication of an appeal to Stalin by leading Soviet Jews requesting that Soviet Jewry be evacuated for its own protection "to the developing territories in the East."   The plot was never actually executed because of Stalin’s sudden  death on March 5, 1953,  and so the appeal was never published, but it has been reconstructed from various sources.  It was referred to  as "The Statement of the Jews" and contained such phrases as "we, as leading figures among loyal Soviet Jewry…"   Although most of those who were "requested" to sign it understood its deadly implications, most were simply too terrified to refuse;  according to Rapoport, Kapitsa was among the signatories.  [A more recent study, Stalin's Last Crime: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948-1953, by Jonathan Brent and Vladimir Naumov (HarperCollins, New York, 2003, pp. 300-305) reproduces what purports to be the letter in question and a list of its signatories.  According to the authors, the letter was discovered fully typeset and ready for publication in Pravda, but it is not known whether the "signatories" had actually signed it.  In any case, the list of signatories does not include Kapitsa.]

Liste des bénéficiaires du prix Nobel d’économie qui ont été, ou qui sont juifs (ou de demi-ascendance juive, voir note). Les pourcentages indiqués ci-dessus correspondent aux noms qui apparaissent explicitement sur la liste ci-dessous.

• Paul Samuelson ^# (1970)
• Simon Kuznets ^# (1971)
• Kenneth Arrow  ^# (1972)
• Wassily Leontief ¹ (1973)
• Leonid Kantorovich ^# (1975)
• Milton Friedman ^# (1976)
• Herbert Simon ^#,2 (1978)
• Lawrence Klein ^# (1980)
• Franco Modigliani ^# (1985)
• Robert Solow ^# (1987)
• Harry Markowitz ^# (1990)
• Merton Miller ³ (1990)
• Gary Becker ^# (1992)
• Robert Fogel ⁴ (1993)
• John Harsanyi ⁵ (1994)
• Reinhard Selten ⁶ (1994)
• Robert Merton ⁷ (1997)
• Myron Scholes ⁸ (1997)
• George Akerlof ⁹ (2001)
• Joseph Stiglitz ¹⁰ (2001)
• Daniel Kahneman ¹¹ (2002)
• Robert Aumann ¹² (2005)
• Leonid (Leo) Hurwicz ¹³ (2007)
• Eric Maskin ¹⁴ (2007)
• Roger Myerson ¹⁵ (2007)
• Others ¹⁶

NOTES (En anglais)
# Encyclopaedia Judaica (1997 CD ROM edition).
1. Jewish mother, non-Jewish father; see Genia and Wassily by Estelle Marks Leontief (Zephyr Press, Sommerville, MA, 1987, pp. 8 and 18).
2. Jewish father, mother of partial Jewish ancestry; see Models of My Life by Herbert A. Simon (BasicBooks, New York,NY, 1991, pp. 3, 17, 112, 262).
3. See Jewish-American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia, edited by Jack Fischel and Sanford Pinsker (Garland, New York, NY, 1992), and The Timetables of Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz (Simon and Schuster, New York, NY, 1993, p. 713). Who’s Who in American Jewry, 1938 contains a self-submitted entry for the father of Merton Miller, Joel Lewis Miller.
4. See December 1993 issue of Cornell Magazine, where Fogel is described as being "the son of Russian-Jewish immigrants" in an article entitled Outstanding in Distant Fields, by Daniel Gross.
5. Son of Hungarian-Jewish parents who converted to Catholicism the year before Harsanyi’s birth.  See "Berkeley Economist Shares Nobel"  in the October 12, 1994 edition (p. A1) of The San Francisco Chronicle; "Nobel winner was saved from Nazis by Jesuit priest" in the October 21, 1994 issue (p. of The Northern California Jewish Bulletin;
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1994/harsanyi-autobio.html; and http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/jharsanyi.html.
6. Jewish father, non-Jewish mother; see: http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1994/selten-autobio.html.
7. Jewish father (eminent Columbia University sociologist Robert King Merton, who was born Meyer Robert Schkolnick), non-Jewish mother; see
http://www.kfunigraz.ac.at/sozwww/agsoe/lexikon/klassiker/merton/33bio.htm.

8. In an article written by Lesley Simpson, entitled "Endowment fund named for winner of Nobel Prize," in the September 16, 1998 on-line edition of The Hamilton Spectator, it was stated that Scholes had been active in "Hillel, the Jewish students’ association" at McMaster University.  It was further stated that "Scholes was invited to return home and celebrate by both the city’s Jewish community and McMaster University…The Jewish Federation of Hamilton-Wentworth, the governing body for the Jewish community, is using his visit to formally announce an endowment fund for Jewish education.  The Myron Scholes Nobel Award has been created in his honor." 

9. Jewish mother (née Hirschfelder), non-Jewish father; see  http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/2001/akerlof-autobio.html.
10. See Encyclopaedia Judaica, Second Edition (Thomson Gale, Detroit, 2007,Vol. 19, p. 226).
11. See http://nobelprize.org/economics/laureates/2002/kahneman-autobio.html.
12. See http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2005/aumann-autobio.html.
13. See Who’s Who in World Jewry 1965: A Biographical Dictionary of Outstanding Jews, edited by Harry Schneiderman and I.J. Carmin Karpman (McKay, New York, 1965, p. 433).
14. See November 8, 2007 interview in the New Jersey Jewish News Online.
15. See statement quoted near the end of this November 5, 2007 JUF News article.

16. Ragnar Frisch (1969) appears on a number of Jewish lists. This claim seems to have originated from an entry in the H.W. Wilson biographical dictionary of Nobel Prize Winners (H.W. Wilson Co., New York, NY, 1987) which states that Frisch "was imprisoned during the Nazi occupation of Norway as an outspoken opponent of Nazism and as a Jew."  This claim, however, conflicts with Frisch’s family history in Norway, which traces back many centuries (Jews were banned from settlement in Norway until 1851), and with the description of Frisch as "a devout Christian" in The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, Volume 2, (John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, and Peter Newman (eds.), Stockton Press, New York, NY, 1987, p. 430).
Friedrich von Hayek (1974) is described as being Jewish in a number of sources, e.g., From Marx to Mises by David Ramsay Steele (Open Court, La Salle, IL, 1992, p. 401).  This misidentification is due, in part, to his having been the cousin of Ludwig Wittgenstein (through, as it turns out, Wittgenstein’s one non-Jewish grandparent), and his leadership with von Mises (who was Jewish) of the heavily Jewish (at that time) Austrian School of economics.  In Hayek on Hayek (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1994, pp. 61-62), however, Hayek states that none of his ancestors appear to have been Jewish.

Pas moins de 176 juifs se sont vu décerner le prix Nobel.

Ce qui représente 23% des prix Nobels dans le monde entre 1901 et 2007.

Cela représente 27% de la recherche fondamentale mondiale dans les domaines de chimie, médecine, physique et économie.

(Les juifs comptent pour 0.25% de la population mondiale).

·  Chimie (29 lauréats, 19% du total mondial)

·  Economie (25 lauréats, 41% du total mondial)

·  Littérature (13 lauréats, 13% du total mondial)

·  La Paix (9 lauréats, 9% du total mondial) ³

·  Physique (47 lauréats, 26% du total mondial, 38% du total US)

·  Physiologie ou médecine (53 lauréats, 28% du total mondial)

NOTES
1. Cette énumération constitue une mise à jour et une expansion des informations sur les lauréats juifs du prix Nobel contenues dans le CD-ROM 1997 édition de l’Encyclopédie Judaica (EJ97), dont 117 des noms mentionnés ici ont été obtenus. La quasi-totalité des entrées supplémentaires sont accompagnées par des notes explicatives.Environ 15% de toutes celles qui sont énumérées (et environ 10% des Américains) sont ou ont été, de demi-ascendance juive.
2. Sur une base de nationalité américaine au moment de l’attribution.
3. Les pourcentages sont basés sur les prix à des individus seulement, c’est-à-dire que le calcul exclut les prix à des organisations. Cinq des vingt organisations ayant reçu le prix Nobel de la paix ont été fondée ou (dans un cas), cofondées par des Juifs ou des personnes de moitié d’ascendance juive.